Lesson 13

What is an adjective ?

The simplest definition of an adjective is that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun. Adjectives describe nouns by giving some information about an object's size, shape, age, color, origin or material. 

• It's a big table. (size) 
• It's a round table. (shape) 
• It's an old table. (age) 
• It's a brown table. (color) 
• It's an English table. (origin) 
• It's a wooden table. (material) 
• It's a lovely table. (opinion) 
• It's a broken table. (observation) 
• It's a coffee table. (purpose) 

When an item is defined by its purpose, that word is usually not an adjective, but it acts as one in that situation. 

• coffee table 
• pool hall 
• hunting cabin 
• baseball player

The problem with the adjectives usually appears when we should use more than one in a sentence. The next lesson will be exactly on this question.

Enjoy a nice evening.

fm

Hi everyone,

Hope and wish you are enjoying a nice evening by the fire at home. I simply send a little curiosity for everyone to read and know something about fables: 

" Written by a former Greek slave, in the late to mid-6th century BCE, Aesop's Fables are the world's best known collection of morality tales. The fables, numbering 725, were originally told from person-to-person as much for entertainment purposes but largely as a means for relaying or teaching a moral or lesson."

fm

The Man & the Lion

A Lion and a Man chanced to travel in company through the forest. They soon began to quarrel, for each of them boasted that he and his kind were far superior to the other both in strength and mind.

Now they reached a clearing in the forest and there stood a statue. It was a representation of Heracles in the act of tearing the jaws of the Nemean Lion.

"See," said the man, "that's how strong we are! The King of Beasts is like wax in our hands!"

"Ho!" laughed the Lion, "a Man made that statue. It would have been quite a different scene had a Lion made it!"

It all depends on the point of view, and who tells the story.

Lesson 12


Hello there,

The weather in the following days of January is predicted to bring on some truly wintry weather.  As Mother Nature reminds us of her power, I want to share with you a lesson which will probably be a change for you all.

Enjoy a very nice weekend at home.

fm


12 adjectives: complementation-mbiemrat: komplementimi


Shumë mbiemra mund të ndiqen nga plotësa- ‘complements’ , që janë fjalë dhe shprehje të cilat plotësojnë kuptimin e tyre. Jo të gjithë mbiemrat ndiqen nga i njëjti lloj komplementi. Disa mund të ndiqen nga parafjalë + emra / -ing. * I’m interested in cookery. * I’m interested in learning to cook.

Disa prej tyre mund të ndiqen nga forma paskajore e foljes.

* You don’t look happy to see me.
* The soup is ready to eat.

Paskajorja mund të ketë kryefjalën e vet të paraprirë nga for.

* I’m anxious for her to get a good education.
( = I’m anxious that she sould get a good education. )

Disa mbiemra mund të ndiqen edhe nga një fjali.

* I’m glad that you were able to come.
* It’s important that everybody should feel comfortable.

Shumë mbiemra mund të kenë më shumë se një lloj komplementi/plotësi.

* I’m pleased about her promotion.
* I’m pleased that we seem to agree.

Struktura mbiemër + plotës rrallë herë vendoset përpara një emri.

* He’s a difficult person to understand.
(JO: He’s a difficult to understand person. )

The Old Lion & the Fox

An old Lion, whose teeth and claws were so worn that it was not so easy for him to get food as in his younger days, pretended that he was sick. He took care to let all his neighbors know about it, and then lay down in his cave to wait for visitors. And when they came to offer him their sympathy, he ate them up one by one.

The Fox came too, but he was very cautious about it. Standing at a safe distance from the cave, he inquired politely after the Lion's health. The Lion replied that he was very ill indeed, and asked the Fox to step in for a moment. But Master Fox very wisely stayed outside, thanking the Lion very kindly for the invitation.

"I should be glad to do as you ask," he added, "but I have noticed that there are many footprints leading into your cave and none coming out. Pray tell me, how do your visitors find their way out again?"

Take warning from the misfortunes of others.

Lesson 11

Actual(ly) 

1. kuptimi dhe përdorimi


Actual, do të thotë ‘real’ , ‘i vërtetë’ ; ndërkohë që actually do të thotë ‘në të vërtetë’ ose ‘në fakt’. Të dyja këto forma mund të përdoren për të korigjuar gabime ose keqkuptime.

* The book says she died aged 47, but her actual age was 43.
* ‘Hello, John, nice to see you’ . ‘Actually, my name’s Andy’.

Ato përdoren gjithashtu për t’i bërë gjërat më të qarta dhe më të sakta ose për të dhënë një lajm të papritur.

* I’ve got a new job. Actually, they’ve made me sales manager.
* She was so angry that she actually tore up the letter.



Britanikët e përdorin shpesh actually për të dhënë me takt një lajm të hidhur.

* ‘How did you get on with my car?’ ‘Well, actually, I’m terribly sorry. I’m afraid, I had a crash.’

Actually përdoret gjithashtu për të shprehur mendimin që opinioni i dëgjuesit për temën që diskutohet ishte i gabuar (shiko shembullin e mëposhtëm), ose që ai ishte i drejtë (vecanërisht në anglishten britanike).

* ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?’ ‘Very much, actually’.


2. ‘false friends’ – ‘miq të rremë’

Actual dhe actually janë ‘miq të rremë’ për ata që flasin disa prej gjuhëve europiane – duke përfshirë edhe shqipen. Ato nuk kanë të njëjtin kuptim si:

Actuel-lement (fr), attual-mente (it) ose actual-isht (shqip). Në anglisht këto kuptime shprehen me present, current, up to date ; at this moment, now, at present.

* What’s our current financial position?
(JO: …our actual financial position ?)

* In 1900 the population of London was higher than it is now.
(JO: …than it actually is.)

Lesson 10

10  active verb forms – format veprore të foljeve 

Më poshtë jepet një listë e plotë e të gjitha formave veprore pohore të një foljeje të zakonshme angleze work – ‘punoj’ , bashkë me emërtimet e tyre. 

simple future: I will / shall work , you will work, he / she / it will work, we will / shall work, they will work.

future progressive: I will / shall be working, you will be working, etj.

simple future perfect: I will / shall have worked, you will have worked, etj.

future perfect progressive: I will / shall have been working, you will have been working, etj.

simple present: I work, you work, he/she/it works, we work, they work.

present progressive: I am working, you are working, etj.

simple present perfect: I have worked, you have worked, he / she / it has worked, etj.

present perfect progressive: I have been working, you have been working, etj.

simple past: I worked, you worked, he /she / it worked, etj.

past progressive: I was working, you were working, etj.

simple past perfect: I / you/ etj., had worked.

past perfect progressive: I / you / etj., had been working, you had been working, etj.

infinitives: (to) work, (to) be working, (to) have worked, (to) have been working.  -ing forms: working, having worked.

past participle: worked

Lesson 9

9  across, over dhe through 

1. matanë / në anën tjetër të (lumit) : across dhe over 

Across dhe over mund të përdoren që të dyja me kuptimin ‘në anën  tjetër / matanë rrugës, lumit, linjës, urës’ , etj. 

• His village is just across/over the border. 

• See if you can jump across/over the stream. 

2. objekte të larta : preferohet over 

Për të thënë ‘në anën tjetër/matanë dickaje të lartë’ preferohet të thuhet over. 

• Why are you climbing over the wall?  (JO: …across the wall?) 

3. në një vend të rafshët;  në ujë : preferohet across 

Për të thënë ‘në anën tjetër të një vendi apo të një sipërfaqeje të rrafshët’, ‘matanë’ , ose kur flitet për lëvizje në ujë, preferohet të thuhet across. 

• He walked right across the desert. (JO: … over the desert.) 
• Let’s swim across the river. (JO: …over the river.) 

Por në anglishten britanike, over përdoret ndonjëherë edhe kur nuk shprehim kalim në anën tjetër. 

• We often walk over the fields in the evening. 

4. ndajfolja over 

Duhet patur parasysh që ndajfolja over ka një kuptim më të gjerë se parafjala over. Nuk mund të thuhet: Let’s swim over the river to the church , por mund të thuhet: Let’s swim over to the church. 

5. across dhe through 

Ndryshimet ndërmjet across dhe through janë të ngjashme me ndryshimet ndërmjet on dhe in. Në ndryshim nga across, through përdoret për lëvizje në hapësira tre përmasore (të rrethuara me sende nga të gjitha anët). Krahaso: 

• We walked across the ice. (We were on the ice.) 

I walked through the wood. (I was in the wood.) 

• We drove across the desert. 

We drove through several towns. 

 Për over dhe above, shiko mesimin 6.